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- Q&A #3
-
- By the Apple Computer OpenDoc Human Interface Team
-
- As published in the March 1995 Apple Directions
-
- At the recent Macworld Expo in San Francisco, where OpenDoc was on display,
- we heard several people ask, "So, what's the difference between a document
- and a part?" We thought you might be asking the same question. We also
- thought it would be helpful if we defined these and other commonly used
- OpenDoc terms. So, if you've wondered what the difference is between a
- document and a part or an application, editor, or viewer, read on.
-
- The figure below shows a typical Macintosh desktop. It has some document
- icons, a Stationery folder, the SimpleText application icon, and the Disk
- First Aid application icon. Notice that the "Text Document" icon has been
- opened into a window. Because this is an OpenDoc-enabled document, it is a
- compound document--that is, a document that contains more than one type of
- content. (You can use the OpenDoc component architecture to create other
- things, as well. But we'll avoid that tangent for now.)
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- Let's first take a look at the document icons. Even though some of them
- represent OpenDoc documents, they look the same as today's document icons
- because users don't need to distinguish OpenDoc documents from traditional
- documents. When users look at icons, they are typically trying to recognize
- a particular document, and are unlikely to remember whether the document was
- created using OpenDoc. The kind of document, such as drawing, text, or
- spreadsheet, is more important for recognition.
-
- We did investigate ways to distinguish OpenDoc documents from documents
- created by traditional applications. The best solution we found was
- "badging" (putting a small identifying graphic element on top of an icon),
- but we found that even this didn't satisfactorily solve the identification/
- recognition issue. All of the badges we designed were either too small to be
- recognized, or so large that they overpowered other graphic elements on the
- icons, thus making it even harder to identify the kind of document. We
- finally realized that since OpenDoc documents will become the norm, rather
- than the exception, a badge to identify an OpenDoc document would soon
- become superfluous and we would want to remove it anyway.
-
- We also investigated using badges to identify the primary type of document
- it is. For example, a badge might serve as a standard visual element to
- indicate that a document is fundamentally a spreadsheet, but can have other
- kinds of content embedded in it. However, using generic badges for each kind
- of part registered by CILabs (the organization responsible for promoting the
- OpenDoc technology) would mean that someone would have to create and control
- them, a difficult job in an area that is evolving so quickly. Ultimately, we
- determined that we should issue only one guideline--that document icons
- should look the same as they do today. We also wanted to give developers
- maximum space to use for designs of their own that might incorporate both
- kind and vendor, as is done today.
-
- Now take a look at the menu bar in the figure. The menus are those you'd
- expect when editing a drawing--Layout, Arrange, and Pen. There are two
- differences, however.
-
- First, the File menu is named Document. Today the File menu is used by
- documents, control panels, networking applications, and many other types of
- applications, so its meaning is vague. OpenDoc avoids confusion by
- consistently naming the first menu Document whenever an OpenDoc document is
- being worked on. We're considering a few other names for situations in which
- they make sense; for example, we may use Control for control panels.
- However, don't take this as license to invent lots of new menu names, which
- could cause as much confusion as using File in all situations.
-
- Second, the Application menu icon (on the far right) displays a document
- icon rather than an application icon; in this figure it's a small SurfWriter
- document icon. That's because in the document-centered world of OpenDoc, the
- user is less concerned with what editor is running than with what document
- is active.
-
- Now look at the document window itself. It represents an OpenDoc document;
- what distinguishes it visually from non-OpenDoc documents is the frame
- border around the active part--in this case, the drawing.
-
- On the desktop you'll also see the SimpleText and Disk First Aid application
- icons. OpenDoc documents interoperate with documents from traditional
- (non-OpenDoc) applications--for example, you can copy content from a
- SimpleText document to an OpenDoc document. However, not all content in an
- OpenDoc document can be copied back to a document from a traditional
- application. Also, some tasks are still best handled by traditional
- applications--for example, a task that doesn't produce a record or document.
- On the other hand, if a traditional application were an OpenDoc part, it
- could be embedded into a document with instructions on how to use it, or
- placed in another useful context.
-
- Finally, look at the Stationery folder. In the OpenDoc world, a user creates
- new documents by double-clicking stationery pads rather than by launching
- applications. In fact, the user rarely sees editor or viewer icons, since
- they are stored in a special folder. (A user deals with part editors only
- when installing them or substituting one part editor for another.) A user
- may move stationery to other places, but during installation of OpenDoc
- editors, all stationery pads are put into the Stationery folder to make it
- easy for the user to find them initially.
-
- OpenDoc Terminology
-
- Several terms commonly used in OpenDoc may be new to you; other OpenDoc
- terms are traditional terms used in new ways. We'll give you a quick intro
- to the terminology and a pointer to the complete set of terminology used in
- OpenDoc.
-
- A document is a collection of OpenDoc parts assembled by a user or
- developer. A part becomes a document if it's dragged from its document to
- the desktop. A document becomes a part if it's dragged from the desktop into
- a different, open document.
-
- A part is the fundamental building block of an OpenDoc document; it's the
- content that users see in their documents. An associated part editor is
- designed to allow the user to manipulate the part.
-
- A part editor displays a part's content and provides a user interface for
- modifying that content. This user interface may include menus, controls,
- tool palettes, rulers, and so on.
-
- A part viewer offers a subset of a part editor's functionality; it allows
- users to display and print a part's content but not to edit it. Viewers can
- be useful in document-sharing situations when the user who receives a
- document doesn't hold a license to the appropriate part editor.
-
- Application refers to one of today's applications that has not been modified
- to support OpenDoc; these are also sometimes referred to as monolithic or
- traditional applications. We recommend that applications support the Drag
- Manager, because drag-and-drop capability is a feature that users really
- want. Supporting this capability also makes applications work better with
- OpenDoc.
-
- A container application is a monolithic application that has been modified
- to support embedded OpenDoc parts.
-
- * A part may be active or inactive. Being active means that the part
- contains the selection (or insertion point). For a part to be active, its
- contents must be visible--that is, displayed in a window or frame. Normally
- the active part receives commands and keyboard events, and its frame border,
- menu, palettes, and other user interface elements are displayed.
-
- At most, one part is active at a time. A user activates a part by clicking
- it or by dragging something into the part's content. When a part is
- activated, the previously active part, if any, becomes inactive. An inactive
- part does not receive keyboard events or display its own interface elements,
- such as a menu bar, frame border, or palette. However, being inactive does
- not mean that a part isn't running; parts may execute asynchronously whether
- they are active or inactive, even if they are displayed as icons.
-
- A frame is one of the two representations for a part (the other is an icon).
- A frame shows a representation of the part's contents. When you see a part
- inside a document, you see the part represented as a frame.
-
- A frame border is a visible representation of a frame's shape and state.
- The border of a frame is displayed when the frame is active or selected; the
- border is invisible when the frame is inactive.
-
- An icon is a representation of a part as a small generic picture along with
- a name. It is the normal representation when a part is shown in the Finder.
- The other possible representation is a frame.
-
- Intrinsic contents refers to data that is intrinsic to a particular type of
- part. For example, text parts contain characters; graphics parts may contain
- lines and circles; video parts contain digitized video. The part developer
- determines what intrinsic contents a part may contain.
-
- Embedding refers to the insertion of a part into the intrinsic contents of
- another part. The embedded part maintains its own part identity. The
- containing part controls layout issues, such as whether the embedded part
- overlaps existing parts in its contents.
-
- A link is a relationship between two pieces of content. A link operation is
- a special kind of copy/paste operation, in which the pasted copy is updated
- every time the original changes. Links allow part contents to appear in more
- than one place; for example, a document might link in a picture from another
- document. Linked copies can even be displayed in different formats; for
- example, several linked copies of a spreadsheet might display the same data
- as a bar chart, a spreadsheet, and a pie chart.
-
- In addition to contents, a part has properties--data items that describe the
- part. The user may modify some properties, such as name, comments, and the
- editor to use with the part. Other properties are set by the system, such as
- storage size, last modification date, and who modified the part.
-
- * * *
-
- We hope this FAQ has clarified the differences between documents and parts,
- given you clues about distinguishing OpenDoc documents from documents
- created by traditional applications, and introduced you to the OpenDoc
- terminology.
-
- __________________________________________________________
-
-
- Copyright (c) 1995 by CILabs, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-